Modelos teóricos del procesamiento léxico bilingüe: una revisión crítica desde la perspectiva de la psicología cognitiva
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24265/liberabit.2026.v32n1.1208Palabras clave:
bilingüismo, procesamiento léxico, modelos cognitivos, multimodalidad, comportamiento linguísticoResumen
Antecedentes: el uso cotidiano de dos o más lenguas (bilingüismo) constituye un fenómeno altamente complejo, ya que implica cambios en la estructura cerebral, el comportamiento y la cognición. Al no ser una categoría homogénea, se manifiesta en un espectro de experiencias determinado por factores individuales, como la edad de adquisición de la primera (L1) y la segunda lengua (L2), así como por los factores contextuales, como los ámbitos de uso de cada lengua. Estado del arte: el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar críticamente los modelos teóricos del procesamiento léxico en personas bilingües, con especial énfasis en las diferencias entre las modalidades auditiva y visual. En este marco, se analizan los modelos RHM, BIA+, BLINCS y BIMOLA, los cuales difieren en su conceptualización del acceso léxico y de la interacción entre L1 y L2. Conclusiones: si bien estos modelos explican parcialmente el reconocimiento de palabras en bilingües, presentan limitaciones importantes al no integrar la multimodalidad, la variabilidad interindividual y la sensibilidad sociocultural. En este sentido, se plantea la necesidad de avanzar hacia modelos integradores que reflejen la complejidad del bilingüismo como fenómeno multidimensional, articulando experiencias lingüísticas diversas con el funcionamiento del sistema cognitivo.
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